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<h1><a href="/">菜鸟教程 -- 学的不仅是技术，更是梦想！</a></h1>
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<div class="tab">DTD 教程</div>
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DTD 教程 </a>
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DTD 简介 </a>
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DTD 构建模块 </a>
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DTD 元素 </a>
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DTD 属性 </a>
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XML 元素和属性比较 </a>
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DTD 实体 </a>
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DTD 验证 </a>
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DTD 实例 </a>
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DTD 总结 </a>
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<h1>DTD <span class="color_h1">教程</span>
</h1>
<br><div class="tutintro">
<p>DTD（文档类型定义）的作用是定义 XML 文档的合法构建模块。</p>
<p>DTD 可被成行地声明于 XML 文档中，也可作为一个外部引用。</p>
<p><b><a href="/dtd/dtd-intro.html" target="_blank">现在开始学习DTD!</a></b></p>
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<h2 class="example_head">DTD 新闻实例</h2>
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&lt;!DOCTYPE NEWSPAPER [<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT NEWSPAPER (ARTICLE+)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT ARTICLE (HEADLINE,BYLINE,LEAD,BODY,NOTES)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT HEADLINE (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT BYLINE (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT LEAD (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT BODY (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT NOTES (#PCDATA)&gt; <br><br>
&lt;!ATTLIST ARTICLE AUTHOR CDATA #REQUIRED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST ARTICLE EDITOR CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST ARTICLE DATE CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST ARTICLE EDITION CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br><br>
]&gt;
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			<h1>DTD 
<span class="color_h1">简介</span></h1>
<hr>
<p class="intro">文档类型定义（DTD）可定义合法的XML文档构建模块。它使用一系列合法的元素来定义文档的结构。
</p>
<p class="intro">DTD 可被成行地声明于 XML 文档中，也可作为一个外部引用。</p>
<hr>
<h2>内部的 DOCTYPE 声明</h2>
<p>假如 DTD 被包含在您的 XML 源文件中，它应当通过下面的语法包装在一个 DOCTYPE 声明中：</p>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!DOCTYPE root-element [element-declarations]&gt;
</div></div>

<p>带有 DTD 的 XML 文档实例（请在 IE5 以及更高的版本打开，并选择查看源代码）：</p>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;?xml version="1.0"?&gt;<br>
&lt;!DOCTYPE note [<br>
  &lt;!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)&gt;<br>
  &lt;!ELEMENT to      (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
  &lt;!ELEMENT from    (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
  &lt;!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
  &lt;!ELEMENT body    (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
]&gt;<br>
&lt;note&gt;<br>
  &lt;to&gt;Tove&lt;/to&gt;<br>
  &lt;from&gt;Jani&lt;/from&gt;<br>
  &lt;heading&gt;Reminder&lt;/heading&gt;<br>
  &lt;body&gt;Don't forget me this weekend&lt;/body&gt;<br>
&lt;/note&gt;
</div></div>

<p><a target="_blank" href="/try/xml/note_in_dtd.xml">在您的浏览器中打开此 XML 文件，并选择"查看源代码"命令。</a></p>
<p>The DTD above is interpreted like this:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>!DOCTYPE note</strong> (第二行)定义此文档是 <strong>note</strong> 类型的文档。</li>
<li><strong>!ELstrongENT note</strong> (第三行)定义 <strong>note</strong> 元素有四个元素：&quot;to、from、heading,、body&quot;</li>
<li><strong>!ELstrongENT to</strong> (第四行)定义 <strong>to</strong> 元素为 &quot;#PCDATA&quot; 类型</li>
<li><strong>!ELstrongENT from</strong> (第五行)定义 <strong>frome</strong> 元素为 &quot;#PCDATA&quot; 类型</li>
<li><strong>!ELstrongENT heading</strong> (第六行)定义 <strong>heading</strong> 元素为 &quot;#PCDATA&quot; 类型</li>
<li><strong>!ELstrongENT body</strong> (第七行)定义 <strong>body</strong> 元素为 &quot;#PCDATA&quot; 类型</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2>外部文档声明</h2>

<p>假如 DTD 位于 XML 源文件的外部，那么它应通过下面的语法被封装在一个 DOCTYPE 定义中：</p>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!DOCTYPE root-element SYSTEM "filename"&gt;
</div></div>
<p>这个 XML 文档和上面的 XML 文档相同，但是拥有一个外部的 DTD: （<a href="/try/xml/note_ex_dtd.xml">点击打开该文件</a>，并选择"查看源代码"命令。）</p>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;?xml version="1.0"?&gt;<br>
&lt;!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd"&gt;<br>
&lt;note&gt;<br>
 
&lt;to&gt;Tove&lt;/to&gt;<br>
 
&lt;from&gt;Jani&lt;/from&gt;<br>
 
&lt;heading&gt;Reminder&lt;/heading&gt;<br>
 
&lt;body&gt;Don't forget me this weekend!&lt;/body&gt;<br>
&lt;/note&gt;
</div></div>

<p>这是包含 DTD 的 "note.dtd" 文件：</p>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)&gt;

</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>为什么使用 DTD？</h2>

<p>通过 DTD，您的每一个 XML 文件均可携带一个有关其自身格式的描述。</p>
<p>通过 DTD，独立的团体可一致地使用某个标准的 DTD 来交换数据。</p>
<p>而您的应用程序也可使用某个标准的 DTD 来验证从外部接收到的数据。</p>
<p>您还可以使用 DTD 来验证您自身的数据。</p>
			
			
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			<div class="article-intro" id="content">
			
			<h1>DTD - <span class="color_h1">XML 构建模块</span>
</h1>
<hr>
<p class="intro">构建模块最主要的与元素是 XML 和 HTML文档。</p>
<hr>
<h2>XML 文档构建模块</h2>
<p>所有的 XML 文档（以及 HTML 文档）均由以下简单的构建模块构成：</p>
<ul>
<li>Elements</li>
	<li>Attributes</li>
	<li>Entities</li>
	<li>PCDATA</li>
	<li>CDATA</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2>元素</h2>
<p>元素是 XML 以及 HTML 文档的<strong>主要构建模块</strong>。</p>
<p>HTML 元素的例子是 &quot;body&quot; 和 &quot;table&quot;。XML 元素的例子是 &quot;note&quot; 和 &quot;message&quot; 。元素可包含文本、其他元素或者是空的。空的 HTML 元素的例子是 &quot;hr&quot;、&quot;br&quot; 以及 &quot;img&quot;。</p>



<p>实例:</p>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>
  
    &lt;body&gt;some text&lt;/body&gt;<br><br>
	&lt;message&gt;some text&lt;/message&gt;
  
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<p>属性可提供<strong>有关元素的额外信息</strong>。</p>
<p>属性总是被置于某元素的开始标签中。属性总是以<strong>名称/值</strong>的形式成对出现的。下面的 &quot;img&quot; 元素拥有关于源文件的额外信息：</p>



<div class="code notranslate"><div>
  
    &lt;img src="computer.gif" /&gt;
  
</div></div>


<p>元素的名称是 &quot;img&quot;。属性的名称是 &quot;src&quot;。属性的值是 &quot;computer.gif&quot;。由于元素本身为空，它被一个 &quot; /&quot; 关闭。</p>
<hr>
<h2>实体</h2>
<p>实体是用来定义普通文本的变量。实体引用是对实体的引用。</p>
<p>大多数同学都了解这个 HTML 实体引用：&quot;&amp;nbsp;&quot;。这个"无折行空格"实体在 HTML 中被用于在某个文档中插入一个额外的空格。</p>
<p>当文档被 XML 解析器解析时，实体就会被展开。</p>


<table class="reference">
<tr>
<th>实体应用</th>
    <th>字符</th>
  </tr>
<tr>
<td>&amp;lt;</td>
    <td>&lt;</td>
  </tr>
<tr>
<td>&amp;gt;</td>
    <td>&gt;</td>
  </tr>
<tr>
<td>&amp;amp;</td>
    <td>&amp;</td>
  </tr>
<tr>
<td>&amp;quot;</td>
    <td>"</td>
  </tr>
<tr>
<td>&amp;apos;</td>
    <td>'</td>
  </tr>
</table> 
<hr>
<h2>PCDATA</h2>
<p>PCDATA 的意思是被解析的字符数据（parsed character data）。</p>
<p>可把字符数据想象为 XML 元素的开始标签与结束标签之间的文本。</p>
<p><strong>PCDATA 是会被解析器解析的文本。这些文本将被解析器检查实体以及标记。</strong></p>
<p>文本中的标签会被当作标记来处理，而实体会被展开。</p>
<p>不过，被解析的字符数据不应当包含任何 &amp;、&lt; 或者 &gt; 字符；需要使用 &amp;amp;、&amp;lt; 以及 &amp;gt; 实体来分别替换它们。</p>

<hr>
<h2>CDATA</h2>
<p>CDATA 的意思是字符数据（character data）。</p>
<p><strong>CDATA 是不会被解析器解析的文本。</strong>在这些文本中的标签不会被当作标记来对待，其中的实体也不会被展开。</p>
			
			
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			<div class="article-intro" id="content">
			
			<h1>DTD - <span class="color_h1">元素</span>
</h1>
<hr>
<p class="intro">在一个 DTD 中，元素通过元素声明来进行声明。</p>
<hr>
<h2>声明一个元素</h2>
<p>在 DTD 中，XML 元素通过元素声明来进行声明。元素声明使用下面的语法：</p>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT element-name category&gt;<br>
或<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT element-name (element-content)&gt;
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>空元素</h2>
<p>空元素通过类别关键词EMPTY进行声明：</p>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT element-name EMPTY&gt;<br><br>
实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT br EMPTY&gt;<br><br>
XML example:<br><br>
&lt;br /&gt;
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>只有 PCDATA 的元素</h2>
<p>只有 PCDATA 的元素通过圆括号中的 #PCDATA 进行声明：</p>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT element-name (#PCDATA)&gt;<br><br>
实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)&gt;
</div></div>
<br><hr><h2>带有任何内容的元素</h2>
<p>通过类别关键词 ANY 声明的元素，可包含任何可解析数据的组合：</p>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT element-name ANY&gt;<br><br>
实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT note ANY&gt;
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>带有子元素（序列）的元素</h2>
<p>带有一个或多个子元素的元素通过圆括号中的子元素名进行声明：</p>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!ELEMENT element-name (child1)&gt;<br>
或<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT element-name (child1,child2,...)&gt;<br><br>
实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)&gt;
</div></div>

<p>当子元素按照由逗号分隔开的序列进行声明时，这些子元素必须按照相同的顺序出现在文档中。在一个完整的声明中，子元素也必须被声明，同时子元素也可拥有子元素。&quot;note&quot; 元素的完整声明是：</p>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT to      (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT from    (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT body    (#PCDATA)&gt;
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>声明只出现一次的元素</h2>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT element-name (child-name)&gt;<br><br>
实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT note (message)&gt;
</div></div>
<p>上面的例子声明了：message 子元素必须出现一次，并且必须只在 &quot;note&quot; 元素中出现一次。</p>

<hr>
<h2>声明最少出现一次的元素</h2>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT element-name (child-name+)&gt;<br><br>
实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT note (message+)&gt;
</div></div>

<p>上面的例子中的加号（+）声明了：message 子元素必须在 &quot;note&quot; 元素内出现至少一次。</p>

<hr>
<h2>声明出现零次或多次的元素</h2>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT element-name (child-name*)&gt;<br><br>
实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT note (message*)&gt;
</div></div>

<p>上面的例子中的星号（*）声明了：子元素 message 可在 &quot;note&quot; 元素内出现零次或多次。</p>
<hr>
<h2>声明出现零次或一次的元素</h2>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ELEMENT element-name (child-name?)&gt;<br><br>
实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT note (message?)&gt;
</div></div>
<p>上面的例子中的问号(?)声明了：子元素 message 可在 &quot;note&quot; 元素内出现零次或一次。</p>
<hr>
<h2>声明"非.../既..."类型的内容</h2>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>

实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT note (to,from,header,(message|body))&gt;
</div></div>

<p>上面的例子声明了：&quot;note&quot; 元素必须包含 &quot;to&quot; 元素、&quot;from&quot; 元素、&quot;header&quot; 元素，以及非 &quot;message&quot; 元素既 &quot;body&quot; 元素。</p>

<hr>
<h2>声明混合型的内容</h2>


<div class="code notranslate"><div>

实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT note (#PCDATA|to|from|header|message)*&gt;
</div></div>

<p>上面的例子声明了：&quot;note&quot; 元素可包含出现零次或多次的 PCDATA、&quot;to&quot;、&quot;from&quot;、&quot;header&quot; 或者 &quot;message&quot;。</p>
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			<h1>DTD - <span class="color_h1">属性</span>
</h1>
<hr>
<p class="intro">在 DTD 中，属性通过 ATTLIST 声明来进行声明。</p>
<hr>
<h2>声明属性</h2>
<p>属性声明使用下列语法：</p>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type attribute-value&gt;<br><br>
DTD 实例:<br><br>
&lt;!ATTLIST payment type CDATA "check"&gt;<br><br>
XML 实例:<br><br>
&lt;payment type="check" /&gt;

</div></div>
<p>以下是 <b>属性类型</b>的选项：</p>
<table class="reference notranslate">
<tr>
<th style="width:35%;">类型</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>CDATA</td>
<td>值为字符数据 (character data)</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>(<i>en1</i>|<i>en2</i>|..)</td>
<td>此值是枚举列表中的一个值</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ID</td>
<td>值为唯一的 id</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>IDREF</td>
<td>值为另外一个元素的 id</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>IDREFS</td>
<td>值为其他 id 的列表</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>NMTOKEN</td>
<td>值为合法的 XML 名称</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>NMTOKENS</td>
<td>值为合法的 XML 名称的列表</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ENTITY</td>
<td>值是一个实体</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ENTITIES</td>
<td>值是一个实体列表</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>NOTATION</td>
<td>此值是符号的名称</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>xml:</td>
<td>值是一个预定义的 XML 值</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<p>默认<b>属性值</b>可使用下列值 :</p>

<table class="reference notranslate">
<tr>
<th style="width:35%;">值</th>
<th>解释</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>值</td>
<td>属性的默认值</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>#REQUIRED</td>
<td>属性值是必需的</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>#IMPLIED</td>
<td>属性不是必需的</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>#FIXED value</td>
<td>属性值是固定的</td>
</tr>
</table>

<br><hr>
<h2>默认属性值</h2>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>

DTD:<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT square EMPTY&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST square width CDATA "0"&gt;<br><br>
合法的 XML:<br>
&lt;square width="100" /&gt;
</div></div>

<p>在上面的例子中，"square" 被定义为带有 CDATA 类型的 "width" 属性的空元素。如果宽度没有被设定，其默认值为0 。</p>
<hr>
<h2>#REQUIRED</h2>
<h3>语法</h3>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type #REQUIRED&gt;
</div></div>

<h3>实例</h3>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>

DTD:<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST person number CDATA #REQUIRED&gt;<br><br>
合法的 XML:<br>
&lt;person number="5677" /&gt;<br><br>
非法的 XML:<br>
&lt;person /&gt;
</div></div>

<p>假如您没有默认值选项，但是仍然希望强制作者提交属性的话，请使用关键词 #REQUIRED。</p>
<hr>
<h2>#IMPLIED</h2>
<h3>语法</h3>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type #IMPLIED&gt;
</div></div>

<h3>实例</h3>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>

DTD:<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST contact fax CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br><br>
合法的 XML:<br>
&lt;contact fax="555-667788" /&gt;<br><br>
合法的 XML:<br>
&lt;contact /&gt;
</div></div>

<p>假如您不希望强制作者包含属性，并且您没有默认值选项的话，请使用关键词 #IMPLIED。</p>
<hr>
<h2>#FIXED</h2>
<h3>语法</h3>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type #FIXED "value"&gt;
</div></div>

<h3>实例</h3>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>

DTD:<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST sender company CDATA #FIXED "Microsoft"&gt;<br><br>
合法的 XML:<br>
&lt;sender company="Microsoft" /&gt;<br><br>
非法的 XML:<br>
&lt;sender company="W3Schools" /&gt;
</div></div>

<p>如果您希望属性拥有固定的值，并不允许作者改变这个值，请使用 #FIXED 关键词。如果作者使用了不同的值，XML 解析器会返回错误。</p>
<hr>
<h2>列举属性值</h2>
<h3>语法</h3>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name (en1|en2|..) default-value&gt;
</div></div>

<h3>实例</h3>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>

DTD:<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST payment type (check|cash) "cash"&gt;<br><br>
XML 例子:<br>
&lt;payment type="check" /&gt;<br>
或<br>
&lt;payment type="cash" /&gt;
</div></div>

<p>如果您希望属性值为一系列固定的合法值之一，请使用列举属性值。</p>			
			
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			<h1>XML <span class="color_h1">元素</span> vs. <span class="color_h1">属性</span>
</h1>
<hr>
<p class="intro">在XML中，并有没有规定何时使用属性，以及何时使用子元素。</p>
<hr>
<h2>使用元素 vs. 属性</h2>
<p>数据可以存储在子元素或属性。</p>
<p>让我们来看下这些实例:</p>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;person sex="female"&gt;<br>
 
&lt;firstname&gt;Anna&lt;/firstname&gt;<br>
 
&lt;lastname&gt;Smith&lt;/lastname&gt;<br>
&lt;/person&gt;
</div></div>
<br><div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;person&gt;<br>
 
&lt;sex&gt;female&lt;/sex&gt;<br>
 
&lt;firstname&gt;Anna&lt;/firstname&gt;<br>
 
&lt;lastname&gt;Smith&lt;/lastname&gt;<br>
&lt;/person&gt;
</div></div>

<p>在第一个例子中"sex"是一个属性。在后面一个例子中，"sex"是一个子元素。但是两者都提供了相同的信息。</p>
<p>
没有特别规定何时使用属性，以及何时使用子元素。我的经验是在HTML重多使用属性，但在XML中，使用子元素，会感觉更像数据信息。</p>
<hr>
<h2>我喜欢的方式</h2>
<p><b>我喜欢在子元素中存储数据</b></p>
<p>下面的三个XML文档包含完全相同的信息：</p>

<p>本例中使用"date"属性：</p>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;note date="12/11/2002"&gt;<br>
 
&lt;to&gt;Tove&lt;/to&gt;<br>
 
&lt;from&gt;Jani&lt;/from&gt;<br>
 
&lt;heading&gt;Reminder&lt;/heading&gt;<br>
 
&lt;body&gt;Don't forget me this weekend!&lt;/body&gt;<br>
&lt;/note&gt;
</div></div>

<p>本例中使用"date"元素：</p>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;note&gt;<br>
 
&lt;date&gt;12/11/2002&lt;/date&gt;<br>
 
&lt;to&gt;Tove&lt;/to&gt;<br>
 
&lt;from&gt;Jani&lt;/from&gt;<br>
 
&lt;heading&gt;Reminder&lt;/heading&gt;<br>
 
&lt;body&gt;Don't forget me this weekend!&lt;/body&gt;<br>
&lt;/note&gt;
</div></div>

<p>本例中使用了扩展的"date" 元素: (这是我最喜欢的方式):</p>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;note&gt;<br>
 
&lt;date&gt;<br>
     
  &lt;day&gt;12&lt;/day&gt;<br>
     
  &lt;month&gt;11&lt;/month&gt;<br>
     
  &lt;year&gt;2002&lt;/year&gt;<br>
 
&lt;/date&gt;<br>
 
&lt;to&gt;Tove&lt;/to&gt;<br>
 
&lt;from&gt;Jani&lt;/from&gt;<br>
 
&lt;heading&gt;Reminder&lt;/heading&gt;<br>
 
&lt;body&gt;Don't forget me this weekend!&lt;/body&gt;<br>
&lt;/note&gt;
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>避免使用属性?</h2>
<p>你应该避免使用属性?</p>
<p>一些属性具有以下问题:</p>
<ul>
<li>属性不能包含多个值（子元素可以）</li>
<li>属性不容易扩展（为以后需求的变化）</li>
<li>属性无法描述结构（子元素可以）</li>
<li>属性更难以操纵程序代码</li>
<li>属性值是不容易测试，针对DTD</li>
</ul>
<p>如果您使用属性作为数据容器，最终的XML文档将难以阅读和维护。 尝试使用 <b> 元素</b> 来描述数据。 to
describe data. 只有在提供的数据是不相关信息时我们才建议使用属性。</p>
<p>不要这个样子结束（这不是XML应该使用的）：</p>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;note day="12" month="11" year="2002"<br>
to="Tove" from="Jani" heading="Reminder"<br>
body="Don't forget me this weekend!"&gt;<br>
&lt;/note&gt;
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>一个属性规则的例外</h2>
<p>规则总是有另外的</p>
<p>关于属性的规则我有一个例外情况。</p>
<p>有时我指定的 ID 应用了元素。这些 ID 应用可在HTML中的很多相同的情况下可作为 NAME 或者 ID 属性来访问 XML 元素。以下实例展示了这种方式：</p>

<div class="code notranslate"><div>

&lt;messages&gt;<br>
  &lt;note id="p501"&gt;<br>
     
    &lt;to&gt;Tove&lt;/to&gt;<br>
     
    &lt;from&gt;Jani&lt;/from&gt;<br>
     
    &lt;heading&gt;Reminder&lt;/heading&gt;<br>
     
    &lt;body&gt;Don't forget me this weekend!&lt;/body&gt;<br>
  &lt;/note&gt;<br><br>
  &lt;note id="p502"&gt;<br>
     
    &lt;to&gt;Jani&lt;/to&gt;<br>
     
    &lt;from&gt;Tove&lt;/from&gt;<br>
     
    &lt;heading&gt;Re: Reminder&lt;/heading&gt;<br>
     
    &lt;body&gt;I will not!&lt;/body&gt;<br>
  &lt;/note&gt;<br>
&lt;/messages&gt;
</div></div>
<p>以上实例的XML文件中，ID是只是一个计数器，或一个唯一的标识符，来识别不同的音符，而不是作为数据的一部分。</p>
<p>
在这里我想说的是，元数据（关于数据的数据）应当存储为属性，而数据本身应当存储为元素。</p>			
			
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			<h1>DTD - <span class="color_h1">实体</span>
</h1>
<hr>
<p class="intro">实体是用于定义引用普通文本或特殊字符的快捷方式的变量。</p>
<ul>
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	<p class="intro">实体引用是对实体的引用。</p>
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<h2>一个内部实体声明</h2>
<h3>语法</h3>

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</div></div>

<h3>实例</h3>
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DTD 实例:<br><br>
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XML 实例：<br><br>
&lt;author&gt;&amp;writer;&amp;copyright;&lt;/author&gt;
</div></div>

<p><b>注意：</b> 一个实体由三部分构成: 一个和号 (&), 一个实体名称, 以及一个分号 (;)。</p>
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<h2>一个外部实体声明</h2>
<h3>语法</h3>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>
&lt;!ENTITY entity-name SYSTEM "URI/URL"&gt;
</div></div>

<h3>实例</h3>
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&lt;!ENTITY copyright SYSTEM "http://www.w3cschool.cc/entities.dtd"&gt;<br><br>
XML example:<br><br>
&lt;author&gt;&amp;writer;&amp;copyright;&lt;/author&gt;

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			<h1>DTD <span class="color_h1">验证</span>
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<p class="intro">使用 Internet Explorer  可根据某个 DTD 来验证您的 XML。</p>
<hr>
<h2>通过 XML 解析器进行验证</h2>

<p>当您试图打开某个 XML 文档时，XML 解析器有可能会产生错误。通过访问 parseError 对象，就可以取回引起错误的确切代码、文本甚至所在的行。</p>

<p><b>注意：</b> load() 方法用于文件，而 loadXML() 方法用于字符串。</p>

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<h2 class="example">实例</h2>
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var xmlDoc = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM");<br>
xmlDoc.async="false";<br>
xmlDoc.validateOnParse="true";<br>
xmlDoc.load("note_dtd_error.xml");<br><br>
document.write("&lt;br /&gt;Error Code: ");<br>
document.write(xmlDoc.parseError.errorCode);<br>
document.write("&lt;br /&gt;Error Reason: ");<br>
document.write(xmlDoc.parseError.reason);<br>
document.write("&lt;br /&gt;Error Line: ");<br>
document.write(xmlDoc.parseError.line);
</div>
<br><a target="_blank" href="/try/try.php?filename=note_error_three" class="tryitbtn">尝试一下 »</a>
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<p><a target="_blank" href="/try/xml/note_dtd_error.xml">查看xml文件</a></p>
<hr>
<h2>关闭验证</h2>
<p>通过把 XML 解析器的 validateOnParse 设置为 "false"，就可以关闭验证。</p>

<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">实例</h2>
<div class="example_code notranslate">
var xmlDoc = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM");<br>
xmlDoc.async="false";<br>
xmlDoc.validateOnParse="false";<br>
xmlDoc.load("note_dtd_error.xml");<br><br>
document.write("&lt;br /&gt;Error Code: ");<br>
document.write(xmlDoc.parseError.errorCode);<br>
document.write("&lt;br /&gt;Error Reason: ");<br>
document.write(xmlDoc.parseError.reason);<br>
document.write("&lt;br /&gt;Error Line: ");<br>
document.write(xmlDoc.parseError.line);</div>
<br><a target="_blank" href="/try/try.php?filename=note_error_four" class="tryitbtn">尝试一下 »</a>
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<br><hr>
<h2>通用的 XML 验证器</h2>
<p>为了帮助您验证 XML 文件，我们创建了此 <a target="_blank" href="/dom/dom-validate.html">链接</a>，这样你就可以验证任何 XML 文件了。</p>
<hr>
<h2>parseError 对象</h2>
<p>您可以在我们的<a href="/dom/dom-tutorial.html">《XML DOM 教程》</a>中阅读更多有关 parseError 对象的信息。</p>			
			
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			<h1>DTD - <span class="color_h1">来自网络的实例</span>
</h1>
<hr>
<h2>电视节目表 DTD</h2>
<p>由 David Moisan 创造。拷贝自： <a target="_blank" href="http://www.davidmoisan.org/">http://www.davidmoisan.org/</a></p>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>
  
    
&lt;!DOCTYPE TVSCHEDULE [<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT TVSCHEDULE (CHANNEL+)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT CHANNEL (BANNER,DAY+)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT BANNER (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT DAY (DATE,(HOLIDAY|PROGRAMSLOT+)+)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT HOLIDAY (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT DATE (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT PROGRAMSLOT (TIME,TITLE,DESCRIPTION?)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT TIME (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT TITLE (#PCDATA)&gt; <br>
&lt;!ELEMENT DESCRIPTION (#PCDATA)&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ATTLIST TVSCHEDULE NAME CDATA #REQUIRED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST CHANNEL CHAN CDATA #REQUIRED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST PROGRAMSLOT VTR CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST TITLE RATING CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST TITLE LANGUAGE CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
]&gt;
  
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>报纸文章 DTD</h2>
<p>拷贝自：<a href="http://www.vervet.com/" target="_blank">http://www.vervet.com/</a></p>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>
  
    
&lt;!DOCTYPE NEWSPAPER [<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT NEWSPAPER (ARTICLE+)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT ARTICLE (HEADLINE,BYLINE,LEAD,BODY,NOTES)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT HEADLINE (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT BYLINE (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT LEAD (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT BODY (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT NOTES (#PCDATA)&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ATTLIST ARTICLE AUTHOR CDATA #REQUIRED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST ARTICLE EDITOR CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST ARTICLE DATE CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST ARTICLE EDITION CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ENTITY NEWSPAPER "Vervet Logic Times"&gt;<br>
&lt;!ENTITY PUBLISHER "Vervet Logic Press"&gt;<br>
&lt;!ENTITY COPYRIGHT "Copyright 1998 Vervet Logic Press"&gt;<br><br>
]&gt;
</div></div>
<br><hr>
<h2>产品目录 DTD</h2>
<p>拷贝自： <a href="http://www.vervet.com/" target="_blank">http://www.vervet.com/</a></p>
<div class="code notranslate"><div>
 
&lt;!DOCTYPE CATALOG [<br><br>
&lt;!ENTITY AUTHOR "John Doe"&gt;<br>
&lt;!ENTITY COMPANY "JD Power Tools, Inc."&gt;<br>
&lt;!ENTITY EMAIL "jd@jd-tools.com"&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT CATALOG (PRODUCT+)&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT PRODUCT<br>
(SPECIFICATIONS+,OPTIONS?,PRICE+,NOTES?)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST PRODUCT<br>
NAME CDATA #IMPLIED<br>
CATEGORY (HandTool|Table|Shop-Professional) "HandTool"<br>
PARTNUM CDATA #IMPLIED<br>
PLANT (Pittsburgh|Milwaukee|Chicago) "Chicago"<br>
INVENTORY (InStock|Backordered|Discontinued) "InStock"&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT SPECIFICATIONS (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST SPECIFICATIONS<br>
WEIGHT CDATA #IMPLIED<br>
POWER CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT OPTIONS (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST OPTIONS<br>
FINISH (Metal|Polished|Matte) "Matte"<br>
ADAPTER (Included|Optional|NotApplicable) "Included"<br>
CASE (HardShell|Soft|NotApplicable) "HardShell"&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT PRICE (#PCDATA)&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST PRICE<br>
MSRP CDATA #IMPLIED<br>
WHOLESALE CDATA #IMPLIED<br>
STREET CDATA #IMPLIED<br>
SHIPPING CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br><br>
&lt;!ELEMENT NOTES (#PCDATA)&gt;<br><br>
]&gt;
</div></div>
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